Cinco Leyes Migratorias Fundamentales

Las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos regulan aspectos tan importantes y diferentes como la nacionalidad, la residencia permanente, las visas de no inmigrante, los castigos, los derechos y las responsabilidades. La materia migratoria es asunto federal, pero hay importantes aspectos que cada estado regula, asà ­ como acciones ejecutivas del presidente que afectan dichas normas, o reglamentos internos del Departamento de Estado o de Seguridad Interna y, de igual forma, sentencias acerca de inmigracià ³n dictadas por la Corte Suprema. Estas cinco leyes migratorias tienen gran alcance. Ley de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a  (Immigration and Nationality Act) Esta ley està ¡ en vigor desde 1952. Conocida tambià ©n como el McCarran- Warren Bill reside en Tà ­tulo 8 del U.S.C. (Cà ³digo de los Estados Unidos). Si bien ha sido enmendada en varias ocasiones, esta ley establecià ³ la estructura migratoria que aà ºn sigue en vigor. Sus puntos principales son: La adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a por nacimiento o por naturalizacià ³n. El buen carà ¡cter moral como requisito para la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. Las causas por las que una persona puede ser considerada inadmisible para ingresar a los Estados Unidos y, una vez en el paà ­s, deportada a su paà ­s de origen. Ley Hart-Celler Esta enmienda a la INA pone fin al sistema de emigracià ³n por cuotas segà ºn el paà ­s de origen. Hart-Celler establece un sistema de preferencias en el que la relacià ³n familiar, el talento y los conocimientos ayudan en el momento de solicitar el estatus migratorio. Se mantiene una cuota mà ¡xima por paà ­s dentro de cada categorà ­a y se establece que las personas que son familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos o los trabajadores comprendidos en la categorà ­a de especiales no està ¡n sujetos a tal cuota por paà ­s. Este cambio revolucionario en el manejo de las cuotas dio origen a nuevas olas de inmigracià ³n provenientes de muchos paà ­ses diferentes. Ley de Control y Reforma Migratoria (Immigration Reform and Control Act) Esta ley tambià ©n conocida como Simpson- Mazzoli Act, se conoce popularmente como la amnistà ­a de Ronald Reagan. Gracias a esta se estima que unos tres millones de indocumentados pudieron regularizar su situacià ³n migratoria. La IRCA tambià ©n establecià ³ un mayor control en la frontera e hizo ilegal el hecho de contratar a sabiendas a un trabajador sin papeles. En la actualidad, los caminos para la legalizacià ³n de indocumentados existen, pero estas exigen requisitos estrictos y asà ­, en la prà ¡ctica, es imposible para muchos inmigrantes poder resolver su situacià ³n. Ley de Responsabilidad Personal y Reconciliacià ³n de Oportunidad de Trabajo (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation) Aunque no es en sà ­ una legislacià ³n migratoria, esta ley tuvo un gran impacto sobre los inmigrantes. La PRWORA ha sido posteriormente enmendada y la normativa que aplica hoy se resume asà ­: Los inmigrantes de la tercera edad e incapacitados tienen acceso a Medicaid, cupones de alimentos y TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). Los nià ±os residentes permanentes legales tienen acceso a cupones de alimentos.Los residentes permanentes legales que està ¡n excluidos por ley federal de recibir acceso a servios sociales antes de cumplir los cinco aà ±os desde que obtuvieron la green card, pueden acceder a dichos servicios. Ley de Reforma de la Inmigracià ³n Ilegal y Responsabilidad Migratoria  (Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act) Esta ley de 1996, firmada por el presidente Bill Clinton cuenta con tres puntos que han tenido grandes consecuencias para la comunidad inmigrante: Permite la detencià ³n de inmigrantes por meses, e incluso hasta por dos aà ±os, antes de que vean a un juez migratorio.Posibilita los acuerdos entre las agencias federales, las estatales y las locales para la aplicacià ³n de las leyes migratorias (por ejemplo, en materia de arrestos).Crea el castigo de los tres y de los 10 aà ±os para los inmigrantes que està ¡n ilegalmente en Estados Unidos. Leyes Migratorias Federales Recientes Ley de Inmigracià ³n de 1990: crea la categorà ­a de emigrante por visa de diversidad, es decir, la loterà ­a de green cards,  e incrementa el nà ºmero de trabajadores temporales. Ley de Ciudadanà ­a de Nià ±os de 2000: afecta a casos de adopcià ³n y tambià ©n al caso de adquisicià ³n automà ¡tica de ciudadanà ­a para hijos de un residente que se convierte en ciudadano. Ley de Reforma de Seguridad del 2002: incrementa el control fronterizo. Ley Real ID de 2005: altera quià ©n puede obtener la licencia de manejar; establece protocolos estrictos sobre quà © documentacià ³n se puede utilizar para ingresar a ciertos edificios o transportes, y altera el sistema de asilo.   Obamacare 2010 (Affordable Care Act): regula el acceso a la salud para el pà ºblico general. Este es un artà ­culo informativo, y no pretende ser asesorà ­a legal.

Analysis Of Double Eyes Were Watching God By Zora...

Double Consciousness in a Bildungsroman Self discovery is at the root of many stories. It is easily limited by external and internal factors. Tales about self discovery are often called a bildungsroman. A bildungsroman, essentially, is a coming of age novel. Both Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison are considered a bildungsroman. In the case of those two novels, there is one unique concept that contributes to their examples of self discovery. Double consciousness is that idea. It emphasizes how a person may struggle to adapt to more than one varying identities in order to fill a role within society. Double consciousness is present in both novels through the mindset and actions of characters who try to conform to the gender and racial roles placed upon their lives but find themselves in conflict with their limitations. The difference between Janie’s desire for freedom and her agreement to her transition from marriage to marriage shows a contrast in her attempt to balance multiple identities. The entirety of Their Eyes Were Watching God emphasizes Janie’s struggle to become both a woman and black person in a society that does not allow either to exist at the same time. Janie went through several marriages before she found her ultimate happiness. In her attempt to reject her Nanny’s pairing of herself and Logan Killicks, her Nanny explains that â€Å"de white man is de ruler of everything as fur as Ah been able tuh find out†Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed

Affordable Care Act and Its Controversies Free Essays

On March 23, 2010 President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA); this date is when the growing debate began. The Affordable Care Act is also commonly known as Obamacare. A large issue between the opposing sides is the future of small business under this bill. We will write a custom essay sample on Affordable Care Act and Its Controversies or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Many small businesses are going to be absolutely crushed by the provisions in Obamacare that require them to provide expensive health insurance coverage for their employees.† (Snyder, Michael) â€Å"3.2 million small businesses — employing 19.3 million workers nationwide — were eligible last year for tax credits worth $15.4 billion or $800 per employee.† (LOLGOP) These separate articles counteract each other, one claiming that small business is doomed while the other promises a happy future for small business. Another issue between the sides is the fact that neither has a full grasp of the bill and therefore only builds their opinions upon what they like versus dislike of the provisions. This debate seems to be based between Republicans, who are stereotypically anti-Obamacare and Democrats, who are stereotypically pro-Obamacare. This essay will use different sources to describe the largest provisions and the varying stances on these provisions between the two sides. In Snyder’s article he destroys the ACA and shouts the predetermined catastrophic problems America faces with the ACA. His article is entitled â€Å"15 Reasons Why The Obamacare Decision Is A Mind Blowing Disaster For America.† Through this article, Snyder lists reasons as to why the ACA is a poor decision. Quotes from this article include the likes of, â€Å"It is hard to have any faith in the U.S. Supreme Court,† and â€Å"Supreme Court that is dominated by judges that have very little respect for the U.S. Constitution.† Snyder’s article lists reasons ranging from governmental power, new taxes, and possibly most extreme: decrease in life expectancy in the United States. Finally, this article ends on the note that â€Å"Obamacare will add more than a trillion dollars to government spending over the next decade. Considering the fact that the U.S. government is already drowning in debt, how in the world can we afford this?† The largest issue that people have with the bill is the mandate, which was described by Reddit poster CaspianX2 in a comment thread. The rough description of the mandate is that  it requires a person to have healthcare, and if any person who can afford healthcare chooses not to have it, they can be fined. The Supreme Court tested the constitutionality and through changing the words around a bit, the Court declared it constitutional. (CaspianX2) The biggest anti-Obamacare points include: the increase in governmental strength, the new taxes upon the American people it will impose, the mandate, and governmental spending. â€Å"A Harvard study found that 45,000 Americans die every year for lack of insurance.† (LOLGOP) This shows that though the individual mandate is debated, it shows the pro-ACA viewpoint saves American lives. This article on eclectablog.com gave 18 reasons as to why the ACA is an achievement for the middle class. The healthcare reform puts a vast construct on the changes of insurance companies themselves. â€Å"Insurance companies can no longer cap the dollar amount of care you can receive in a lifetime,† and, â€Å"Health care insurers will no longer be allowed to charge women more than men for their coverage,† are two examples of the changes insurance companies will be facing with this bill. This bill makes insurance more accessible for more people, as the same eclectablog.com article states, â€Å"Up to 30 million Americans who are currently not insured will be covered, saving thousands of American lives.† (LOLGOP) A different article by Joshua Holland, titled â€Å"Up to 30 million Americans who are currently not insured will be covered, saving thousands of American lives,† highlights the concept that people can build different opinions of the bill, depending on how much they know about it. This article offers 10 things the common person may not know about the Affordable Care Act ranging from, the richest Americans will be paying more taxes, to how this bill benefits women, to people getting checks to help pay for their insurance. This article offers these points in a positive-bias perspective. Holland discusses how people with an income over a certain amount will be having a higher tax rate, rather than the lower-than-average rate they have now. This bill, similarly to the article by LOLGOP on eclectablog.com speaks to the idea that insurers can no longer charge women higher than men. Those with an income lower than a certain mark will be getting tax credits and subsidies to help pay for their insurance, is another point of Holland’s in this article. The largest pro-Obamacare points include: the newly regulated equality between insurers charging men and  women the same price, the raising or lowering of taxes depending on income, and how much more accessible healthcare is going to be with this bill. Many of the controversies between the sides seem to cancel each other out, where one side says something, and the other says something that directly refutes it. An example of this is with the effect the bill will have on young people. In an article by Brian Klonoski entitled, â€Å"13 Reasons Why Obamacare Sucks So Far,† he states, â€Å"Obamacare is more formally known as The Affordable Care Act, so it should make healthcare more affordable, right? Well, sorta. It definitely makes healthcare more affordable for some people, but it also raises premiums for others — most notably, young, healthy Americans.† In a different article, by Todd Essig, he discusses why Obamacare is good for the young and healthy. The three reasons he lists are as follows: they will have health insurance should catastrophe strike, they’ll get prescriptions for routine care, and they’ll have more skin in the game of self-care. (Essig) Both sides of healthcare reform has extremist opinions, one being that of the tea-party conservatives and the other that of the radical liberals. However, not republicans are anti-ACA and not all democrats are pro-ACA; though, most do fit the stereotype. Whether a person is anti-ACA or pro-ACA, they should learn the in-and-out of the bill, and not just pick and choose which issues to argue and make decisions about. Doing that will lead to well-rounded opinions and eventually, decisions made on this largely debated healthcare reform. How to cite Affordable Care Act and Its Controversies, Papers

Strategic Management and Factors

Questions: 1.Define critical success factors, resources and competences. Using examples to illustrate your answer, discuss how understanding and managing these different elements can create sustainable competitive advantage.? 2. Why might organic (or internal) development be recommended as an appropriate method for strategic development? With examples highlight the risks and benefits associated with this strategic method? 3. Discuss the contrasting characteristics and objectives of a cost leadership strategy and a differentiation strategy. How do Porter (1980) and Bowman (1995) differ in their view on combining these approaches to competitive strategy? Answers: 1. Critical Success Factors, Resources and competencies The critical success factors, competencies or the resources are basically the factors or activities that are required for the success of the business. The critical success factors are normally used in business analysis and data analysis. Critical success factors are used so that the organizations could identify those factors on which the organizations shall focus for being successful. Definition of Critical success Factor: the limited number of areas in which satisfactory results will ensure successful competitive performance for the individual, department, or organization(annoynomous 2016). Importance of critical success factors for the organization or business: It is important to identify the critical factors as these factors allow the firms for focusing their efforts on the building of the capabilities to meet the success factors and it allows the firms to decide if the firm posses the capability to meet those critical success factors that are important for the success of the business. Some of the examples of generic critical success factors are, Good distribution, effective advertising and new product development. Types of critical success factors There are four types of critical success factors: Strategy Critical Success Factors: Strategy critical success factors that are the result of the chosen strategy for the business. Industry Critical success Factors: These factors are the results of the specific industry characteristics. Temporal Critical Success Factors: These factors results from the internal changes and needs of the organizations. Environmental Critical Success Factors: These factors are the result of the technological and economic changes in the environment(Bryson 2011). Examples of Critical Success Factors: Following are the examples of critical success factors that are important for the organization success: Staff orientation Training Quality data and reporting Role of quality department Continuous improvement Communication for improving the quality Customer satisfaction Management commitment The sources of critical success factors There are basically four sources of Critical success factors. The sources are: The company: The Company itself is one of the sources of the critical success factors, as the geographic location and the competitive strategy of the company serves as one of the source of the critical success factors. As for example, When a firm decides to compete in the market on the basis of quality then for that company the critical success factors are identification and the delivering of the featured products for the satisfaction of the consumers. The industry: Another source for the critical success factors is the industry in which the company carries its business(Kalpan Financial Bank 2015). For example, a car industry has compliance requirements in relation to the pollution requirements as its critical success factor(Smith 2005). Temporal organizational factors: The areas that are unacceptable and that need special attention by the company come under the temporal organizational factors. For example, The Company that is having liquidity problems can place the short term cash management as its CSF. The Wider environment: The consumer trends, political factors and the economy in which the company operates come under these factors(Williamson 2013). There are many theorists that argue that the proper management of the competencies across the market rather than being focused only on one industry. As the critical success factors are considered to be very important for the organizations and they shall never be ignored so as to achieve the competitive advantage. The identification and addressing the critical success factors that are prevailing in an industry is very important for the organization for gaining competitive advantage. If the company wants to gain competitive advantage in the industry then it is required that the company focuses .on the resources. They are basically the important areas of where to compete and how to compete. If a company plans to compete through the critical success factors then no doubt the company is attempting to do what the other companies are doing but through critical success factors the company does in a better way. The methodology for the success through the critical success factors is as follows: Define where to compete Here the steps that the company could follow are: Identification of the product segments and the customers Matching the products to the market segment Identification of the revenue potential of the different segments Choosing the most appropriate segments for competing Define how to compete Identification of the value chain steps Identification of the various variables Identification of the most critical points that help in delivering value to the customers Choosing the step that helps in providing the competitive advantage Perform the benchmarking: If there are any kind of inadequacies then accounting for that and after that reformulating the strategies. Evaluating the capabilities of the company that are relative to its competitors. Making a strategic decision on critical success factors: Determine if the key success factors are feasible for attaining the competitive advantage. 2. Organic development: The organic growth refers to the strategy where by the company strengthens itself by using the energy and resources of the company itself. This strategy is sometimes also called the internal growth strategy(Partridge Hunt 2012). Though this approach of the company is very slow growth of the company as compared to the other options but it has a relatively low costs involved in it that makes this option very attractive for the business owners who are working on a small scale and who are willing to expand their business on the large scale but they do not have large amount of capital available with them. It is a strategy under which the business tries to expand its operations by increasing the output, new product development and a customer base expansion. There are various benefits and limitations involved in this strategy as well but overall this strategy is very good for the short term expansion and growth of the business(Johnson 2008). Benefits of the strategy The main benefit of following this strategy is that a company develops the companys own strengths through the organic growth than the company can become a stronger competitor in the market. For example, a company that keeps on devoting its profits on a continuous basis on the improvement of the quality control department than that company would be able to offer increasing value to their customer that helps in making it a formidable competitor. Through the help of organic growth the market share and the customer retention can also be improved. If a company reinvests its profits in the customer service departments and sales then it can attract more customers by strengthening the relationship with the existing customers. Disadvantages of the strategy The main disadvantage of the organic strategy is that there are faster results of the external growth strategies. As for example we can say that home security spends many years on the development of its marketing team or if it decides to acquire a firm that has strong marketing expertise, here it can be seen that the latter approach requires a large amount of money that is the reason as to why the organic growth strategy can be considered to be the best option for many of the small businesses. Risks involved in the organic strategy There are various risks that are presented by the organic growth strategy. As for example a person decides to grow its business organically whereas its competitor uses the external growth by merging with different businesses(Angwin 2014), so here the company following the organic growth strategy can grow very well in a very short span of time and on the other hand the competitor if plans to grow in a rapid way would shift its focus from the important elements that are very much necessary for the business for example providing the high quality products and better customer services. 3. There are various strategies that are suggested by Porter for seeking the competitive advantage. The Strategies that are suggested by Michael porter are: Cost Leadership strategy Differentiation strategy Focus strategy Cost leadership strategy The cost leadership strategy is the strategy that is used by the business so a s to create the low cost of operations(Saint 2013). The main use of this strategy is for the purpose of gaining the competitive advantage by the reduction of the operations cost below the competitors in the same industry. Under this strategy the companies decide the various ways of lowering the costs of their products as compared to its competitors so that they can attract various customers(Whiting 2014). This generic strategy calls for the low cost producer that is present in an industry. The products of the firm are either sold at the average industry prices so that higher profits can be earned or the higher costs as compared to its rivals so that more market share can be gained. The various ways that are used by the firm for acquiring the cost advantages are by the gain of unique access to the large sources, by improving the efficiencies. Objectives of cost leadership strategy The objectives of the cost leadership strategy include: Lowering the cost of the products Attracting the customers Gaining competitive advantage Gaining more market share The firms that is successful in using these stragey posses the following internal strengths: They have efficient distribution channels Better skills for designing the products for efficient manufacturing of the products High expertise level Good access to the capital investment Differentiation strategy The differentiation strategy is the strategy under which the company offers the products to its customers that are unique in the characteristics and attributes. The differentiation strategy usually calls for the distintictive attributes in the products and services that sets the business apart from the business of the competitors(Griffin 2007). The company that decides to follow the differentiation strategy has an intention of creating a perceived value of the product or service in the eyes of the customers as a unique product that is far better than that of the competitors(Conklin 2009). This strategy calls for the product or a service that has various unique attributes that the customers always value. The value added characteristics of the product help he producer to charge a premium on the products. This higher price in the form of premium helps the company to overcome the extra cost that they have incurred. The objectives of differentiation strategy are: Introducing unique and distinctive products to the customers Attracting the customers Gaining competitive advantage The firms that are successful in the use of the differentiation strategy have the following strengths: The product development team of such companies is expert and highly skilled They have a corporate reputation of innovation and quality products They have access to the scientific research They have strong sales team those who possess the ability for communicating in a successful manner. Bowman has developed a strategy clock that is a model used by various companies to design the marketing strategy for analyzing the competitive position. Under this model the relationship between the prices and the customer values are represented in the diagrammatic representation. On the other hand there were generic strategies that were developed by Michael Porter and these are known as Porter marketing technique(Obitz 2009). These theories showed the three ways in which the companies can give tough competitions to their competitors and provide satisfaction to the consumers. According to Porter the companies often compete in the market for three things that is on the basis of price which is known as cost leadership, on the basis of perceived value that is known as product differentiation and on the basis of focus that is known as market segmentation. Offering more perceived values or providing the products and services at lower prices become one of the very popular ways of gaining c ompetitive advantage(Williamson 2013). There were many companies who found these strategies to be very general and hence they were interested in thinking some other strategies. Then a strategy was developed by Cliff Bowman that was known as the Bowmans Strategy clock in the year 1996 and this strategy was based on the generic strategies of Michael Porter. Under this strategy there are eight strategic options that are available with the companies that they could follow while comparing their strategic edge. There are many companies who use the strategy of Bowman as a framework to create an edge against the competition. There are eight directions for a business to travel. Following are the eight strategic positions of the strategic clock of Bowman: Low price or low added value: The companies often chose this position when their product lacks differentiation. This option can be applied by cost effectively selling volume and attracting new customers on the continuous basis. Low Price: The Company selects this option when the company is a low cost leader. Under this strategy the profit margin of the company will be very low because here the company wants high sales volume. Hybrid: Here the companies offer the customers with the products at a low price but the perceived value is higher as compared to its competitors. Differentiation: Here the company develops the products and services that offer unique characteristics that are often valued by the customers. Focused Differentiation: Here the company offers the product that has highest perceived values along with highest prices. This strategy is suitable for the company that buys the products based on the one factor that is the perceived value of the product(Ahmed 2014). Risky, High Margins: Here the company just increases the prices of the product for increasing its profit margin without taking care of the perceived margin of the product. Monopoly Pricing: Here, the strategy is used when there is only one company that offers the products and services and it is a monopolistic company. Loss of market share: The company following this strategy often tend to lose the market share as here the company has low value of the products and services offered by them. Conclusion It can be concluded here that the organic growth development or the organic growth strategy is very important strategy that is followed by the business for its expansion and growth. It provides various benefits to the company that can be fruitful in the short run as well as the long run(Mack 2014). Though this strategy is not free from the disadvantages but the benefits of this strategy overcome its disadvantages and hence this strategy is best option for the expansion of the small scale business that do not possess the necessary resources and financial resources for expanding and growing its business. Bibliography Ahmed, G 2014, Study Lecture notes, viewed 17 December 2016, https://www.studylecturenotes.com/management/bowmans-strategy-clock-model-its-eight-competitive-directions-for-edge. Angwin, D 2014, QFinnace., viewed 17 December 2016, https://www.financepractitioner.com/mergers-and-acquisitions-best-practice/in-search-of-growth-choosing-between-organic-m-and-a-and-strategic-alliance-strategies?full. annoynomous 2016, rapidbi.com, viewed 15 December 2016, https://rapidbi.com/criticalsuccessfactors/. Bryson, J 2011, Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, 4th edn, New York. Conklin, W 2009, Applying Differentiation Strategies - Page 32, 2nd edn, Shell Education. Griffin, R 2007, Fundamentals of Management - Page 69, 5th edn, New York. Johnson 2008, Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text Cases, 7/E - Page 348, 7th edn, Pearson Publications, New Delhi. Kalpan Financial Bank 2015, Kalpan Financial Bank, viewed 16 December 2016, https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/Critical%20success%20factors%20and%20core%20competences.aspx. Mack, S 2014, Chron.com, viewed 17 December 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/organic-growth-strategy-57130.html. Obitz, C 2009, Supermarket Differentiation in the Uk: A Theoretical and Empirical. Partridge, L Hunt, M 2012, Strategic Management - Page 152, Select Knwolegde, New York. Saint, R 2013, Chron.com, viewed 17 December 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/pros-cons-differentiation-strategy-21452.html. Smith, D 2005, Managing Business Marketing Sales: An International Perspective, North America. Whiting, B 2014, study.com, viewed 17 December 2016, https://study.com/academy/lesson/cost-leadership-strategy-definition-examples.html. Williamson, D 2013, Strategic Management and Business Analysis, Routledge, New York. Williamson, D 2013, Strategic Management and Business Analysis, Elsevier, London